Background: Indian tea industry workers are exposed to various exposures at their workplace.Objective: To investigate the respiratory health of Indian tea industry workers.Methods: We administered a respiratory questionnaire to and measured lung function in workers of 34 tea gardens and 46 tea factories. We used correlation matrices to test the association between their respiratory symptoms and lung functions.Results: The garden workers complained of shortness of breath 3 times higher than the factory workers. However, nasal allergy was more predominant among the factory workers compared to garden workers (69.6% vs 41.2%, p=0.02). The factory workers had higher total (median 107.3% vs 92.9%, p=0.05, as measured by R at 5 Hz) and peripheral airway resistance (143.8% vs 61.1%, p=0.005, as measured by R at 5–20 Hz) than the garden workers. Respiratory symptoms were inversely associated with airway obstruction as measured by the ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) and positively correlated with increased overall airway reactance among the workers. Conclusion: Respiratory symptoms and increased allergen susceptibility of Indian tea industry workers due to occupational exposures warrant routine systematic surveillance of their workplace air quality and health monitoring.

The cost reduction of green tea processing, the control of fossil fuel resources, and the curbing of corresponding greenhouse gases emission depend on the energy efficiency of tea processing units. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and analyze factors determining energy efficiency of these agro-industrial units. To this end, the present descriptive survey was carried out on 40 managers of tea factories in Guilan Province, Iran. At the first phase of the study, the experts and managers of the tea manufacturing units were given an open-response question to identify the factors affecting energy productivity of tea industry. Then, the factors were divided into three broad categories of technical, managerial-policy, and knowledge-skill. The statistical analysis of final questionnaire data showed that “ the correct and sound design of the new hot air furnaces” , “ the enhancement of technical knowledge of technicians in withering, fermentation, drying and storage units” , and “ optimum scheduling of withering operation with respect to the final status of green tea leaf” were found to be the most important technical, managerial-policy, and knowledge-skill factors determining the improvement of energy productivity in tea factories of Guilan Province, respectively. Accordingly, it is recommended to hold training courses to enhance energy productivity knowledge of tea factory managers, to improve the technical knowledge of technicians in withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and storage units, to renew machinery and equipment of tea factories, to enforce manufacturing units to comply with relevant quality standards, and to allocate financial supports through low-interest loans for mounting tea processing machinery and equipment with high energy efficiency.

Purpose: The future of the construction industry is increasingly influenced by new technologies. In order to adopt appropriate strategies in facing new technologies, it is necessary to know the possible futures of the construction industry. This research was done with the aim of explaining the technological uncertainties and compiling the future scenarios of the construction industry.  Method: The research method is applied and was carried out with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the library study was used to determine the technological drivers, then the Structural Analysis was used to explain the technological uncertainties, and finally, the Schwartz method was used to compile the scenarios. The statistical population is experts of construction industry. Findings: Nine technological uncertainties affecting the future of the construction industry have been identified and for each of them, three states of decline, stagnation and progress have been considered. Data analysis by Scenario Wizard shows eight probable scenarios. The portfolio of scenarios including four groups of progress scenarios, towards progress, towards stagnation, and towards wane has been compiled. Conclusion: In the progress scenario, the 89% of uncertainties have developed. In  towards progress, 56% of the factors are in the development status, which indicates the development of the technological factor application. In the stagnation scenario, no progress has been made in the application of uncertainties and they are in a static state. In towards wane, uncertainties have been placed in a situation of reduced use.

Due to lack of using pesticides in production of green leaf, Iran’s produced tea is considered as of the purest and healthiest teas in the world [1]. Although, by passing one century from commencement of tea cultivation and production in Iran, tea cultivation surfaces has been developed and numbers of tea making factories has been increased, no progress has been made in improvement of quality of produced dried tea and this product is not accountable for qualitative and quantitative needs of consumers [2]. Special place of tea in Iranian consumers’ basket and direct occupation of more than 70,000 households in tea cultivation and production and its role and place in economy of Guilan & Mazandaran Province have doubled the necessity of performing researches to find solutions of tea problems and its qualitative and quantitative improvement. In this article, impact of continuous training of occupied manpower in tea industry and cultivation as of the parameters of utilization management system on quality of produced tea is studied. The method of this research is field study and survey has been applied for collection of information to respond to the research questions. Thus, in addition to perform library studies and interview with tea specialists, a questionnaire, having inserted traits in questions and research hypothesis, was prepared and distributed among the experts. In this research, mean index, standard deviation and column chart were applied as descriptive statistics to define and describe the variables and one-sided t-test was used as inferential statistics to answer the research question. After analyzing obtained data from questionnaire, research hypothesis was confirmed in confidence level of 95%. Therefore, it can be stated that in confidence level of 95%, continuous training of occupied manpower in tea industry and cultivation effects on quality of produced dried tea.

Several theoretical models for description of the injection locking lasers are presented by previous investigators. Nearly in all of these theories, the temporal and spatial variations of gain of the active medium is neglected. In these theories there levant difference equation of the boundary condition of the input mirror is approximated by an ordinary differential equation and solved. In this paper a classical model for the behavior of the active medium is presented and the governing equations are solved. The time variation of the output power for the injection frequencies are calculated. The results for several detuning angels are presented in this paper, the results are in good-agreement with the previous published data.

To evaluate and identify the most import and managerial-policy issues and problems of tea industry in Guilan, a study was conducted in 2010. Delphi method was used in this study involved a total of 54 members (15 farmers, 12 factory owners, 11 businessmen and 16 experts).The results showed that issues such as wealth and power Mafia drummer imports smuggled tea, tea accumulate on of experience, lack of strict government control son production and trade of tea, the lack of stable and long-term strategy and policy in stability, Lack of management and planning in the manufacturing, industrial and commercial tea, the tea industry is looking at a system of government, to deal with problems of passive Tea, Unethical interference in local government authorities and push them to buy green tea, Weaknesses in the education sector ,promoting the country's tea industry and government neglect in the cultivation and breeding of tea gardens and tea gardens release due to wrong policies of reform initiatives Tea, a very important point for the tea product that had a failure with the tea industry.

This article deals with the tea industry's contribution to Iran's economy during the oil nationalization movement and assesses the role of the tea industry in achieving the oil-free economy policy in the National government. This article is based on unpublished documents from the National Iranian Documents’ Organization and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records also in order to enhance our understanding of the situation newspapers and some other published sources have been emphasized onto depict the importance of the issue. The research method of this study is that of an descriptive-analytical approach, thus this study seeks to show how the ups and downs of tea imports were during the economic sanctions in the period of oil nationalization and how the government managed to expand the domestic production of tea to save money, also what role this industry played to compensate the currency shortages. Therefore, the main question of this paper is whether the policy of restricting imports and developing domestic tea production could have solved an important problem amongst the many problems of the national government or not. The results show that despite the government's efforts to increase tea production and prevent its unauthorized entry into the country, the product failed to play a significant role in implementing the oil-free economy program.

Aim and introduction:  Tea, following water, is the most popular beverage worldwide and holds significant strategic importance in the commercial sector of our country, akin to pistachios, saffron, dates, and other agricultural products. In addition to its high demand and consumption, the production, processing, and trade of tea involve various factors, including production technology and policy-making. Agricultural products, including tea, have the potential to make substantial contributions to the country's non-oil exports. Despite Iran being among the top ten major tea producers, it has unfortunately not secured a competitive position in the global market, capturing less than 5 percent of the market share. Currently, due to ineffective and unprofessional marketing of agricultural products, including tea, most profits from product sales are siphoned off by intermediaries and profit-seekers. This misguided approach directly and indirectly undermines the welfare and economic stability of tea farmers and producers. The present study aims to first identify the barriers and challenges facing the Iranian tea market and, subsequently, to provide a model for problem-solving and market development by identifying strategies, obstacles, and accelerators.Methodology: The present study is a qualitative research project based on interviews with 15 experts and practitioners in the tea industry in Gilan Province. The selection of interviewees was conducted using a purposive sampling method. Criteria for selecting individuals included possessing expertise and relevant experience in the tea industry, as well as in its distribution and sales in both domestic and international markets. The number of interviewees was determined based on the principle of saturation, which means that interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved; this occurred after the twelfth interview. It is important to note that interviews continued up to the fifteenth participant to further ensure the non-repetitiveness of the topics discussed. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured format, and the content was subsequently analyzed by the researchers for coding purposes. In the initial stage of open coding, a total of 157 codes were extracted from the 15 interviews. By analyzing these codes and examining their formal and conceptual repetitions, a final set of 70 codes was identified.Finding: The research findings revealed that the model developed from this study comprises five main categories: 1) Problems and challenges, 2) Fundamental and essential factors contributing to these problems and challenges, 3) Actions and operations, 4) Catalytic and supportive factors, and 5) Expected outcomes of implementing actions. The problems and challenges can be further classified into three overarching themes: branding-related issues, marketing and advertising issues, and production and product quality issues. The data coding findings indicate that the fundamental and essential factors leading to these problems and challenges can be grouped into four general themes: environmental factors, supply and demand, marketing and commercial contexts, and policy and policymaking. In terms of actions and operations, four primary categories were identified: marketing and branding operations, quality improvement initiatives, measures to enhance operational efficiency, and supportive policy governance, with the latter recognized as the sole catalytic factor. Regarding the expected outcomes of implementing actions, three main outcomes were identified: market development and sales, national production development, and economic growth and development. Each of these main categories is further divided into several subcategories, resulting in a total of 69 subcategories.Discussion and conclusion: Improper marketing practices stemming from a limited understanding of the target market, a lack of knowledge in effective advertising strategies, insufficient promotion of Iranian tea, excessive promotion of foreign teas, weak brand development for domestic tea, and an inability to meet consumer needs and demands have been identified as significant issues in marketing, branding, and advertising. Furthermore, irregular imports of foreign tea, inappropriate pricing of Iranian tea in comparison to foreign alternatives, market price instability, an overabundance of intermediaries, inadequate market facilitation structures, and the absence of a specialized market have been recognized as underlying factors contributing to the challenges in the marketing and commercial sectors. By implementing strategies such as developing new markets, enhancing advertising, and advancing brand development, it is possible to attract more domestic and international customers. This approach can increase the market share and sales volume of Iranian tea products by improving their quality. Furthermore, implementing solutions such as increasing productivity, reducing production costs, enhancing product quality, and establishing a strong national brand can significantly contribute to the development of the tea industry in terms of domestic production. Creating favorable conditions for investment in tea-producing regions, generating indirect employment within the tea value chain, and developing high-value-added tea exports have the potential to significantly contribute to economic development and growth.